What Was Nikita Khrushchev’s Mindset Before and During the Cuban Missile Crisis?

There have been many recounts and analyses of how then-U.S. President John F. Kennedy responded to the Cuban Missile Crisis – the name given to the 13 days in October 1962 that were rife with political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union regarding Soviet missiles in the Caribbean country, leaving many fearing nuclear war was imminent.

The true intent of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev has not been given as much attention in the West. Janel Miller reviewed a handful of contemporary newspaper articles from the time of the crisis and later journal articles reflecting on the ordeal to provide readers with some insights – albeit a few of which conflict with the passage of time – into the lesser-known point of view.

John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1961.

As the 1960s began, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was seemingly well aware of the United States increased nuclear weapons production and its positioning in places like England, Italy, and Turkey that placed these weapons increasingly closer to his country’s borders.

Even so, Khrushchev may not have wanted to commit the necessary funds to bring his country on par with the United States. At least one report from the 2000s indicates “the cost of U.S. defense programs exceeded the dollar equivalent of Soviet programs by roughly one-fifth” from 1951 to 1964. Another report claims that when the Soviets did put their missiles in Cuba, it only had about 75 intercontinental ballistic missiles, compared with the between 450 and 500 of these missiles the U.S. was said to have at the time.

However, contemporary reports differ. Roughly a month before the Cuban Missile Crisis reached its October tipping point, a newspaper article quoted sources in Washington, D.C. who claimed the Soviet Union not only had more nuclear weapons that could be “city-killers” than the United States at that time, but the country was increasing that lead.

The balance of the evidence reviewed before writing this essay suggests the contemporary report may have been an exaggeration or perhaps even a ploy to earn the United States’ support on an uncomfortable topic. According to at least two authors’ interpretations, decades later, of Robert McNamara, Kennedy’s Secretary of Defense, comments during a 1964 hearing suggested that the United States’ superiority in nuclear weapons was the sole reason Khrushchev backed down.

Impact

To interject a perspective that might help explain the fear the Cuban Missile Crisis instilled around the world, intercontinental ballistic missiles are said to have a range of more than 3,500 miles (roughly 700 more miles than a car trip from New York City to Los Angeles in the United States or nine round-trip car trips by car from London to Manchester in the United Kingdom).

Decades after the crisis was averted, an author noted that until Cuba, Khrushchev had not placed any nuclear missiles outside the Soviet Union’s extensive border. By doing so, Khrushchev may have felt that what he lacked in numbers, he made up for it in the amount of security the move provided Cuba’s residents and the amount of fear the missiles' closeness to the Caribbean country instilled in Americans. It should be noted that a different author, writing in the 1980s, felt that a “considerably smaller” number of missiles than those observed in the photographs that sparked the conflict would have achieved this result.

Returning to a contemporary news report, shortly after Khrushchev agreed to have the missiles removed from Cuba, said he did so because he felt confident Kennedy would not invade Cuba.  Khrushchev added that “the motive which prompted us to give aid of this nature to Cuba is no longer valid.”

Dangers

Speaking to a Kiwanis Club in the middle of the tense 13 days, Henry Shapiro, who was then well into his second decade of a three-decade career covering Moscow for United Press International and said to provide Khrushchev with informal feedback regarding how Americans would respond to Soviet actions, implied Khrushchev knew the dangers of nuclear war and thus never intended to start one.

Shapiro, besides alluding to some theories mentioned in this essay, also stated that Khrushchev may have – as other leaders before him such as George McClellan’s incorrect assumption regarding the number of Confederate troops during the Civil War’s Battle of Antietam or Mark Antony’s overreliance on the wind during his doomed attempt to win the Battle of Actium – underestimated the power of U.S. nuclear weapons but also knew that he had some pretty powerful weapons as well.

More recently

Khrushchev’s own son, in remarks made almost 40 years to the day of the event, said the Soviets’ actions in Cuba were merely to save face, and that simply trying to resolve differences between the United States and the Soviet Union verbally would make those within the Kremlin look weak.

At least one other author in more recent times has offered that if Kennedy had been the leader who backed down first, rather than Khrushchev, the Soviets’ decision to stockpile missiles in Cuba might also have provided Khrushchev with a few additional Latin American and South American allies.

Also in recent years, another author has suggested that the Soviet Union’s actions were to showcase its strength to China, a country that Fidel Castro was said to be keen on winning over. In stockpiling missiles so close to America, the Soviets hoped China would forgo building nuclear weapons and depend on the Soviets if ever threatened. 

In addition, recent authors have wrote that Kennedy backing down first may have also given Khrushchev the upper hand in a much closer rivalry than those in the Northern Hemisphere and in Asia – the German city of Berlin,  which the year before became divided in two by miles and miles of concrete walls of varying height up to 15 feet disfigured by barbed wire and under constant watch by guards, structures holding guns, and mines.

In Context

It has often been said that there are two sides to every story. I sometimes tell others that there are actually three sides to every story. There is one person’s account, the other person’s account, and then what truly happened (although I, by no means, believe I have coined the phrase).

More so than any other topic I have written about for History Is Now’s website, does the adage and my take on it ring true. Perhaps for that reason, the greatest takeaway from a situation as serious as the Cuban Missile Crisis was, is that every reason and scenario possible must always be explored before action is taken, especially when it is regarding something as consequential as nuclear war.  

Find our more on the Cold War in our book here.

References

History.com Editors. “Cuban Missile Crisis - Causes, Timeline & Significance.” https://www.history.com/articles/cuban-missile-crisis. History.com. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Kahan, Jerome H. and Long, Anne K. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Study of Its Strategic Context.”   https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148197. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 87, No. 4 (December 1972), pp. 564-590. Accessed March 20, 2026.

Center for the Study of Intelligence.  “Analyzing Soviet Defense Programs, 1951-1990.”  https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB493/docs/intell_ebb_012.PDF. The National Security Archive, The George Washington University. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Pollard, Robert A. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Legacies and Lessons.” https://www.jstor.org/stable/40256375. The Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 148-158.

Accessed March 20, 2026.

Myler, Joseph L. “Russians Extend Lead in Testing N-Weapons.” https://www.newspapers.com/image/534344939. The Scranton Times (Pennsylvania). September 20, 1962, Page 2. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Kahan, Jerome H. and Long, Anne K. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Study of Its Strategic Context.”   https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148197. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 87, No. 4 (December 1972), pp. 564-590. Accessed March 20, 2026.

Brittanica.com Editors. “ICBM.” https://www.britannica.com/technology/ICBM. Brittanica.com.  Accessed April 13, 2026.

MapQuest.com Editors. “Directions from New York, NY to Los Angeles, CA. https://www.mapquest.com/directions/from/us/new-york/new-york-ny-282040974/to/us/california/los-angeles-ca-282039899?scheduleType=leave-now. MapQuest.com. Accessed April 13, 2026.

UKCityMap.com Editors. “Distance from London, Greater London, to Manchester, Greater Manchester, England.” https://www.ukcitymap.com/distance-from-london-greater-london-england-to-manchester-greater-manchester-england.html. UKCityMap.com. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Kahan, Jerome H. and Long, Anne K. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Study of Its Strategic Context.”   https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148197. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 87, No. 4 (December 1972), pp. 564-590. Accessed March 20, 2026.

Pollard, Robert A. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Legacies and Lessons.” https://www.jstor.org/stable/40256375. The Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 148-158.  Accessed March 20, 2026.

Syvertsen, George. “Nikita Quits Brink, Recalls Rockets.” https://www.newspapers.com/image/80332793/. The Oregon Statesman. October 29, 1962, Page 1.

Colwell, Mike. “Nikita Expected to Back Down.” https://www.newspapers.com/image/995245702/.

The Berkeley Daily Gazette (California). October 24, 1962, Page 1.

United Press International Editors.  “Veteran UPI Foreign Correspondent Henry Shapiro Dead at 84.” https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/05/Veteran-UPI-foreign-correspondent-Henry-Shapiro-dead-at-84/2067670827600/.UPI.com. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Colwell, Mike. “Nikita Expected to Back Down.” https://www.newspapers.com/image/995245702/.

The Berkeley Daily Gazette (California). October 24, 1962, Page 1.

Sears, Stephen W. “McClellan at Antietam.” https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/mcclellan-antietam. American Battlefield Trust. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Mark, Joshua J. “Battle of Actium.”  https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Actium/.  Worldhistory.org. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Colwell, Mike. “Nikita Expected to Back Down.” https://www.newspapers.com/image/995245702/.

The Berkeley Daily Gazette (California). October 24, 1962, Page 1.

Transcript of October 20, 2002, discussion among James Blight, Chuck Daly, Kenneth Galbraith, Sergei Khrushchev, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Theodore Sorensen, and Josefina Vidal. “On the Brink: The Cuban Missile Crisis.” https://www.jfklibrary.org/events-and-awards/kennedy-library-forums/browse-all-forums/transcripts/on-the-brink-the-cuban-missile-crisis. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Accessed March 20, 2026.

Kahan, Jerome H. and Long, Anne K. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Study of Its Strategic Context.”   https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148197. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 87, No. 4 (December 1972), pp. 564-590. Accessed March 20, 2026.

Pollard, Robert A. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Legacies and Lessons.” https://www.jstor.org/stable/40256375. The Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 148-158.

Accessed March 20, 2026.

Sears, Stephen W. “McClellan at Antietam.” https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/mcclellan-antietam. American Battlefield Trust. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Mark, Joshua J. “Battle of Actium.”  https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Actium/.  Worldhistory.org. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Slantchev Branislav L. “The National Security Strategy: The Cuban/Caribbean Missile Crisis, October 1962.” http://slantchev.ucsd.edu/courses/ps142j/lectures/cuban-crisis.pdf. University of California, San Diego. Accessed March 20, 2026.

Kahan, Jerome H. and Long, Anne K. “The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Study of Its Strategic Context.”   https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148197. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 87, No. 4 (December 1972), pp. 564-590. Accessed March 20, 2026.

Brittanica.com Editors. “Berlin Wall.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berlin-Wall. Brittanica.com. Accessed April 13, 2026.

Introduction to History: What Were the Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a period of thirteen days of high tension between the US and NATO on one side and the USSR and Cuba on the other. The crisis began when the US found out that the Soviets had moved missiles capable of reaching the mainland United States into Cuba, some 100 miles from the US shore. This led to days of diplomatic activity, military preparations, and high-level, high-risk correspondence between senior leaders in the USSR and USA - and nearly led to nuclear war.

However, the underlying reasons for the crisis were complex: these included that the USSR wanted to threaten and compete more effectively with the USA, the involvement of the USSR and the US in the Korean War and Vietnam War, strategic imbalance between the two sides, and the division of Berlin.

Nicky Quinton explains.

A picture of the US Jupiter intermediate-range ballistic missile, which were partly responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Background

The political relationship between the United States and the USSR after World War II was filled with tension. Two geographical giants were competing for economic, technical, and military superiority all over the world. Government policies were aimed at improving performance in various fields to tip the balance of power in their favor, even to the detriment of their citizens. The space race, nuclear arms race, and even the Olympic Games were proof that the US and the Soviet Union did not want to give an inch in the battle.

After World War II, the world was largely divided into two camps: those who supported capitalism and those who supported communism. The United States and the Soviet Union were the leaders of these two groups. Unfortunately, this confrontation was not limited to an informational and ideological war. Instead, the two states got involved in wars to support their ideological allies.

This was because neither the USA nor the USSR truly wanted to fight each other directly – the desire to avoid another World War and the risks from nuclear weapons helped prevent that. However, their armies fought indirectly in conflicts, notably the Korean War and Vietnam War. 

Korean War and Vietnam War as examples of indirect war

The split of Korea after World War II into two independent states was driven by the Cold War. A socialist regime was established in the northern state, and a capitalist regime was established in the southern state. The Soviet Union (and China) supported the communist leader Kim Il-sung, and the US supported the anti-communist leader Syngman Rhee. The war began in 1950 and ended up with the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953.

The Vietnam War is another example of a proxy war. Although the official conflict took place between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the real state of affairs was similar to the Korean War. The USSR and China supported communist North Vietnam, and the United States and other anti-communist countries more actively supported South Vietnam. Therefore, indirect conflicts increased the tension between the USA and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was different to those wars – it was partly about strengthening the Soviet position and giving it a more credible nuclear threat.

It could happen at all because in the years before 1962 the Cuban Revolution led communist leader Fidel Castro to take control of Cuba in 1959. The Soviets were more than happy with an ally some 100 miles from the US coast and used it to their advantage.

The Soviet initiative to place missiles in Cuba was the result of the Soviet’s perceived strategic imbalance, since the United States had nuclear weapon bases in Turkey, close to the Soviet Union (Nathan, 58). In 1961, US President John F. Kennedy agreed to put 15 nuclear-tipped Jupiter missiles near the Turkish border. While the US military was deemed capable of delivering a first strike on the USSR (launching a nuclear attack before the enemy could do the same), the Soviets had few ballistic missiles deemed capable of reaching the continental US from the USSR at the time. Furthermore, these were considered to be both inaccurate and unreliable (Allison and Zelikow, 92). Therefore, the USSR wanted to solve this problem by placing mid-range missiles in Cuba, thus restoring the strategic balance.

One more crucial reason for the Crisis was Berlin. During the Cold War, Germany was effectively split into two: East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG). The border went straight through Berlin. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev believed that by having missiles in Cuba, the Soviet Union could try and strike a deal with the West into relinquishing its control over the western portion of Berlin (Allison and Zelikow, 105).

In short, some of the key reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis were:

·      The Cuban Revolution that led communists to take charge of Cuba

·      Political competition between the USA and the Soviet Union.

·      Growing tensions throughout the 1950s, partly driven by the Korean War and the (early days) of the Vietnam War

·      To put pressure on the United States to remove its nuclear arms from Turkey

·      Control over Berlin

Conclusion

Crisis was averted in Cuba and the US did in fact secretly later remove the nuclear-tipped missiles from Turkey (Nathan 134). Fortunately the Cold War didn’t turn into a “hot war.”

Works Cited

Allison, Graham T., and Philip Zelikow. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. TPB, 2000.

“Cuban Missile Crisis.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 8 May 2019, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis.

Nathan, James A. The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited. St. Martin’s Press, 1992. 

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Cold War History - The Complete History – From World War 2 to the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War to Reagan and Gorbachev – 1945-1991 (Required History)

Do you know why the world nearly destroyed itself in a catastrophic nuclear war?

Two words – ‘Cold War’.

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The Cold War was international affairs for the second half of the 20th century. Nuclear weapons testing, civil wars in all corners of the globe and the race for economic dominance were all key spheres of the Cold War, although they were just a few elements of an intriguing global puzzle. More so than the great battles between Carthage and Rome in Ancient times or the Napoleonic Wars, the Cold War defined our world. But, there was one key difference between the Cold War and earlier major wars. Due to advances in technology and communications, the Cold War touched most countries on earth.

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·      The most dangerous event of the early Cold War years, the Cuban Missile Crisis

·      The Vietnam War and its impact on the Cold War

·      The shocking power of nuclear weapons – and attempts to control them

·      Uprisings on the eastern side of the Iron Curtain

·      The super-powers as friends? Détente, Richard Nixon, and Leonid Brezhnev

·      The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

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Cold War History - To the brink of nuclear destruction – From World War 2 to the Cuban Missile Crisis – Part 1: 1945-1962 (Required History)

Do you know why the world came to the brink of nuclear war?

Two words – ‘Cold War’.

The Cold War was international affairs for the second half of the 20th Century. Nuclear weapons testing, civil wars in all corners of the globe and the race foreconomic dominance were all key spheres of the Cold War, although they werejust a few elements of a very complex global puzzle. More so than the greatbattles between Carthage and Rome in Ancient times or the Napoleonic Wars, the Cold War defined our world. But, there was one key difference between the Cold War and earlier major wars. Due to advances in technology and communications, the Cold War touched most countries on earth.

Get the Book on Amazon

This introduction to the early years of the Cold War is the debut book from George Levrier-Jones. He tells the story of the great clash between the Communist Soviet Union and thecapitalist USA. George’s fast-paced, concise writing style will allow you to quickly learn about the key events of the Cold War, and to find out how the world came to the cusp of nuclear annihilation.

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The topics in the book include:

• The origins of the Cold War and why the USSR and USA emerged from World War 2 as super-powers
• How the Soviet Union and the USA quickly went from war-time allies 
• to enemies
• The key changes in post-war Europe
• The Berlin blockade and the building of the Berlin Wall
• Events in East Asia - the Chinese Civil War and why the Korean War became integral to the Cold War
• Nuclear weapons development
• Uprisings and revolutions in Eastern Europe in the 1950s, including the Hungarian revolution
• The most dangerous event of the early Cold War years, the Cuban Missile Crisis

The approximately 80-page book is the perfect complement to the Cold War History audio series that is available as part of the ‘History in 28-minutes’ podcasts.

Cold War People - Episode 13 - Fidel Castro

How did one man inspire a generation of Communist revolutionaries? This podcast tells the story of Fidel Castro.

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Following our podcast on Brezhnev, we shall be looking at one of the most famous Communist leaders of all time, and almost certainly the most well-known Cuban in the world. He was also one of the longest serving leaders of the 20th Century, and somebody who inspires both fierce praise and fierce criticism, as well as somebody who was at the center of the most dangerous event of the Cold War.

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Take care,

George Levrier-Jones

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Cold War People – Episode 13 – Fidel Castro

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Cold War People - Episode 7 - John F Kennedy

Hello All!

John F Kennedy, a man who surely needs no introduction, is the last person we look at in this series of Cold War People.

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We shall be looking at one of the most iconic of US presidents, a sometimes controversial figure who inspired hope in so many. He also died in the most tragic of circumstances.

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See you soon for our series on the Spanish Civil War.

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Cold War People - Episode 6 - Nikita Khrushchev

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Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union for nearly a decade in the years after Stalin’s death.

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Khrushchev played a major role in some of the most important Cold War events during his time in power in the 1950s and 1960s. The key years of the nuclear arms race, the building of the Berlin wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis all happened during his time as Soviet leader. But, he had a bloody and intriguing past before then.

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See you next time,

George Levrier-Jones

(Above image courtesy of Keizers)

Cold War People - Episode 6 - Nikita Khrushchev

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Cold War fun! JFK Asks His Mom To Stop Writing To Khrushchev..

The Cold War wasn't just dangerous - as this syndicated article shows us!

A letter dated September 3, 1962 shows JFK asking his Mom, Rose Kennedy, to stop mailing Khrushchev for pictures.  What’s even funnier, is it looks like she sent the photos she received to her son so that he could sign them.

At the time, the U.S. had just launched the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961 and had installed an embargo against Cuba in February 1962.  A month prior to this letter, the U.S. become aware that the Soviets were building the missiles sites in Cuba.  The month after this letter was sent the U.S. would be involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis for almost two weeks.

His Mom’s response is pretty funny:

“I understand very well your letter, although I had not thought of it before. …When I ask for Castro’s autograph, I will let you know in advance!”

This article originally appeared here on the History Kicks Ass blog, an interesting and varied blog about topics in history!

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Cold War History - To the brink of nuclear destruction – From World War 2 to the Cuban Missile Crisis – Part 1: 1945-1962 (Required History)

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About the book

Do you know why the world came to the brink of nuclear war?

Two words – ‘Cold War’.

The Cold War was international affairs for the second half of the 20th Century. Nuclear weapons testing, civil wars in all corners of the globe and the race for economic dominance were all key spheres of the Cold War, although they were just a few elements of a very complex global puzzle. More so than the great battles between Carthage and Rome in Ancient times or the Napoleonic Wars, the Cold War defined our world. But, there was one key difference between the Cold War and earlier major wars. Due to advances in technology and communications, the Cold War touched most countries on earth.

This introduction to the early years of the Cold War is the debut book from George Levrier-Jones. He tells the story of the great clash between the Communist Soviet Union and the capitalist USA. George’s fast-paced, concise writing style will allow you to quickly learn about the key events of the Cold War, and to find out how the world came to the cusp of nuclear annihilation.

Get your free copy now..

George Levrier-Jones

Get the Book - Amazon US | Amazon UK